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Structural trends among second-generation voltage-gated sodium channel blockers
Publisher Summary The chapter examines the second-generation voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel blockers and patent applications of the past decade and highlights structural trends by clustering compounds with similar structures. The term ‘second generation’ refers to compounds identified in the search for Nav subtype selectivity, as opposed to compounds whose Nav activity was characterized subsequent to their use in the clinic. Nav channels are transmembrane proteins that control the flow of sodium ions across cell membranes. They are important regulators of cellular excitability, contributing to the initiation and propagation of action potentials in neurons, heart and muscle. The term ‘structural trends’ refers to two-dimensional substructure motifs shared between compounds. This chapter discusses small-molecule Nav channel blockers. Blockers act as channel modulators, stabilizing one of the non-conducting states. An examination of structural trends among Nav channel blockers showed that the structure-activity relationships (SAR) are subtle and unpredictable. Small structural changes switch the selectivity between TTX-sensitive and TTX-resistant members, however these changes are often highly scaffold specific. Further developments in understanding the fine structure of Nav channels will help to rationalize these findings and facilitate the next round of drug design for these clinically important targets.
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