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The current therapeutic demand focuses more on the discovery of safer NSAIDs rather than exploring more potent alternatives. The dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibition is a promising strategy for designing compounds with an enhanced efficacy, reduced side-effects and a broader anti-inflammatory spectrum in comparison to classical NSAIDs. In the present study, a hybridization strategy was adopted to combine the binding features of the non-selective COX inhibitor ?sulindac? and the selective COX-2 inhibitor ?celecoxib? which show 5-LOX inhibitory activity with that of licofelone and a celecoxib pyridone analogue which show dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitory activity to design new series of pyrazole sulfonamide derivatives which, by design, should possess dual COX-2/5-LOX inhibitory activity. All the newly synthesized compounds were initially tested for their potential analgesic activity, then candidates that showed potential analgesic activity, were selected for the subsequent anti-inflammatory activity evaluation, as well as, ulcerogenicity testing. Moreover, in vitro assessment of their COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitory activities were performed. The benzothiophen-2-yl pyrazole carboxylic acid derivative 5b showed the most potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities surpassing that of celecoxib and indomethacin. It showed potent COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitory activity with IC50 of 5.40, 0.01 and 1.78 muM, respectively, showing a selectivity index of 344.56 that was much better than the used reference standards and its parent compounds, confirming its selectivity towards COX-2 over COX-1. The prodrug ester derivatives 6c and 6d showed equipotent activity to their parent compound 5b with no gastric ulcerogenicity. Molecular docking simulations confirmed that the newly synthesized compounds possess the structural features required for binding to the target enzymes COX-2 and 5-LOX.

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The present invention describes novel nitrosated and/or nitrosylated nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compounds, and novel compositions comprising at least one nitrosated and/or nitrosylated nonsteroidal antiinflammatory compound, and, optionally, at least one compound that donates, transfers or releases nitric oxide, elevates endogenous levels of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, stimulates endogenous synthesis of nitric oxide or is a substrate for nitric oxide synthase. The present invention also provides methods for treating, preventing and/or reducing inflammation, pain, and fever; decreasing or reversing the gastrointestinal, renal and other toxicities resulting from the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; treating and/or preventing gastrointestinal disorders; treating inflammatory disease states and disorders; and treating and/or preventing ophthalmic diseases or disorders.

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A novel set of 1,4-diaryl-1,2,3-triazoles were projected as a tool to study the effect of both the heteroaromatic triazole as a core ring and a variety of chemical groups with different electronic features, size and shape on the catalytic activity of the two COX isoenzymes. The new triazoles were synthesized in fair to good yields and then evaluated for their inhibitory activity towards COXs arachidonic acid conversion catalysis. Their COXs selectivity was also measured. A predictive pharmacometric Volsurf plus model, experimentally confirmed by the percentage (%) of COXs inhibition at the concentration of 50 muM and IC50 values of the tested compounds, was built by using a number of isoxazoles of known COXs inhibitory activity as a training set. It was found that two compounds {4-(5-methyl-4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzenamine (18) and 4-[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-yl]benzenamine (19)} bearing an amino group (NH2) are potent and selective COX-1 inhibitors (IC50 Combining double low line 15 and 3 muM, respectively) and that the presence of a methylsulfamoyl group (SO2CH3) is not a rule to have a Coxib. In fact, 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazole (23) has COX-1 IC50 Combining double low line 23 muM and was found inactive towards COX-2.

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DMA new set of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors endowed with an additional functionality was explored. These new compounds also contained either rhodamine 6G or 6,7-dimethoxy- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, two moieties typical of efflux pump substrates and inhibitors, respectively. Among all the synthesized compounds, two new COX inhibitors with opposite selectivity were discovered: compound 8 [N-(9-{2-[(4-{2-[3- (5-chlorofuran-2-yl)-4-phenylisoxazol-5-yl]acetamido}butyl)carbamoyl] phenyl-6-(ethylamino)-2,7-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene} ethanaminium chloride] was found to be a selective COX- 1 inhibitor, whereas 17 (2-[3,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)isoxazol-5- yl]-1-[6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2-(1H)-yl]ethanone) was found to be a sub-micromolar selective COX-2 inhibitor. However, both were shown to interact with P-glycoprotein. Docking experiments helped to clarify the molecular aspects of the observed COX selectivity.

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Electric Literature of 78967-07-4, Catalysts function by providing an alternate reaction mechanism that has a lower activation energy than would be found in the absence of the catalyst. In some cases, the catalyzed mechanism may include additional steps.In a article, 78967-07-4, molcular formula is C19H17NO5, introducing its new discovery.

A new set of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors endowed with an additional functionality was explored. These new compounds also contained either rhodamine 6G or 6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, two moieties typical of efflux pump substrates and inhibitors, respectively. Among all the synthesized compounds, two new COX inhibitors with opposite selectivity were discovered: compound 8 [N-(9-{2-[(4-{2-[3-(5-chlorofuran-2-yl)-4-phenylisoxazol-5-yl]acetamido}butyl)carbamoyl]phenyl-6-(ethylamino)-2,7-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene}ethanaminium chloride] was found to be a selective COX-1 inhibitor, whereas 17 (2-[3,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl]-1-[6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2-(1H)-yl]ethanone) was found to be a sub-micromolar selective COX-2 inhibitor. However, both were shown to interact with P-glycoprotein. Docking experiments helped to clarify the molecular aspects of the observed COX selectivity.

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NSAIDs displayed chemopreventive and anticancer effects against several types of cancers. Moreover, combination of NSAIDs with anticancer agents resulted in enhanced anticancer activity. These findings have attracted much attention of researchers working in this field. The 2-arylpropionic acid-derived NSAIDs represent one of the most widely used anti-inflammatory agents. Additionally, they displayed antiproliferative activities against different types of cancer cells. Large volume of research was performed to identify molecular targets responsible for this activity. However, the exact mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of profens is still unclear. In this review article, the anticancer potential, structure activity relationship and synthesis of selected profen derivatives were summarized. This review is focused also on non-COX targets which can mediate the anticancer activity of this derivatives. The data in this review highlighted profens as promising lead compounds in future research to develop potent and safe anticancer agents.

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Mofezolac (N-22) is a newly developed analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. The acute toxicities of N-22 were investigated in ICR mice and Wistar rats in oral (p.o), intraperitoneal (i.p) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes. LD50 values of N-22 in mice were 1528 mg/kg (p.o.), 275 mg/kg (i.p.) and 612 mg/kg (s.c.) for males, and 1740 mg/kg (p.o.), 321 mg/kg (i.p.) and 545 mg/kg (s.c.) for females. Those in rats were 920 mg/kg (p.o.), 378 mg/kg (i.p) and 572 mg/kg (s.c.) for males, and 887 mg/kg (p.o.), 342 mg/kg (i.p.) and 510 mg/kg (s.c.) for females. The sex difference was not clearly observed in mice and rats, but the species difference was observed in p.o. routes. As an initial toxic sign, the hypoactivity was observed in mice and rats of all routes, subsequently, paleness of skin, anemic conjunctiva, emaciation, stupor and/or coma were observed in mice and rats of p.o. and i.p. routes. In rats of those routes, tonic and/or asphyxial convulsion and dyspnea were also observed. In pathological examination of mice and rats, gastrointestinal disorders were observed in p.o. and i.p. routes, and changes of subcutaneous tissue at the injection site were observed in s.c. route.

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Activated microglia secrete an array of pro-inflammatory factors, such as prostaglandins, whose accumulation contributes to neuronal damages. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases or cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), which play a critical role in the inflammation, are the pharmacological targets of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, used to treat pain and inflammation. Since it was reported that COX-1 is the major player in mediating the brain inflammatory response, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of highly selective COX-1 inhibitors, such as P6 and mofezolac, in neuroinflammation models. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mouse BV-2 microglial cells and LPS intracerebroventricular-injected mice as in vitro and in vivo neuroinflammation models, respectively, were used to probe the antiinflammatory efficacy of P6 and mofezolac. Both P6 and mofezolac reduce COX-1 expression in LPS-activated BV-2 cells. This reduction was accompanied with PGE2 release reduction and NF-kB activation downregulation. Coextensively, in the in vivo model, both glial fibrillary acidic protein and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 expression, two markers of inflammation, were reduced by mofezolac to a rank depending on the encephalon area analyzed. The increase of COX-1 expression observed in all the brain sections of LPS-treated mice was selectively downregulated by the in vivo treatment with mofezolac as well as PGE2 release and Ikssalpha phosphorylation amount assayed in the brain areas tested. These results indicate the capability of P6 and mofezolac to modulate the NF-kB signaling pathway, emphasizing the neuroprotective effect and therapeutic potential of COX-1 inhibitors in the control of neuroinflammatory diseases.

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We demonstrated recently that mofezolac, a cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) selective inhibitor, suppresses the development of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in F344 rats and intestinal polyps in APC1309 mice. In the present study, we therefore investigated the effects of mofezolac on colon cancer development. Male F344 rats were injected subcutaneously with 15 mg/kg body weight of AOM in the back twice at 7-day intervals from 5 weeks of age, and fed a diet containing 600 or 1200 ppm mofezolac for 32 weeks, starting 1 day before the first dosing of AOM. Treatment with 1200 ppm mofezolac significantly reduced the incidence, multiplicity and volume of colon carcinomas to 79%, 2.15 ± 1.65 and 7.5 ± 11.8.mm 3, respectively, compared with 94%, 3.19 ± 1.87 and 23.7 ± 31.2.mm 3 in the AOM treatment alone. Administration of 600.ppm mofezolac showed only a slight reduction. No side effects were observed in any of the groups. These results confirm that COX-1, as well as COX-2, contributes to colon carcinogenesis and that mofezolac may be a good chemopreventive agent for human colon cancer.

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The COX-1 isoenzyme plays a significant role in a variety of diseases, as it catalyzes the bioprocesses behind many health problems. Among the diarylheterocycle class of COX inhibitors, the isoxazole ring has been widely used as a central heterocycle for the preparation of potent and selective COX-1 inhibitors such as P6 [3-(5-chlorofuran-2-yl)-5-methyl-4-phenylisoxazole]. The role of the isoxazole nucleus in COX-1 inhibitor selectivity has been clarified by preparing a set of new diarylheterocycles with various heterocycle cores. Replacement of isoxazole with isothiazole or pyrazole gave a drastic decrease in COX-1 inhibitory activity, whereas the introduction of an electron-donating group (EDG) on the N-aryl pyrazole allowed recovery of COX-1 inhibitory activity and selectivity. The EDG-equipped 5-(furan-2-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole (17) selectively inhibits COX-1 activity (IC50=3.4muM; 28% COX-2 inhibition at 50muM), in contrast to its inactive analogue, 3-(furan-2-yl)-1-phenyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole, which does not bear the methoxy EDG. Molecular docking studies of compound 17 into the binding site of COX-1 shed light on its binding mode.

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